BAL Rating – The Bushfire Attack Levels Explained

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The BAL rating, or Bushfire Attack Level, plays a pivotal role in assessing the potential risks of ember attack, radiant heat, and direct flame contact within residential properties in Australia. This rating system is essential for determining the construction and building criteria required to safeguard homes in bushfire-prone areas, in accordance with the Australian Standard AS 3959:2018 for constructing buildings in such locations.

Available short course to better understand the  Bushfire Attack Level (BAL)

 

To provide a comprehensive understanding, the BAL rating is categorized into six distinct levels. Below, we break down each of these ratings and elaborate on what they signify:

These ratings help evaluate the severity of the bushfire’s impact and the duration of exposure to radiant heat.

BAL LOW 0 to 12.5 kW per square meter:

Within areas susceptible to bushfires, the BAL LOW rating represents the lowest risk level attainable. This classification signifies a potential ember assault hazard, yet the exposure to radiant heat flux is capped at 12.5 kW per square meter. Notably, this rating implies the absence of any noteworthy technical constraints on construction within such zones.

BAL 12.5 0 to 12.5 kW per square meter:

The BAL 12.5 rating falls within the low-risk category, indicating a possibility of exposure to radiant heat flux, which may reach a maximum of 12.5 kW per square meter. Additionally, there exists a potential for wind-ignited embers and burning debris to pose a threat by causing an ember attack. The BAL 12.5 rating is indeed designated for areas with a relatively low risk of bushfire attack. It specifically accounts for the potential threat from ember attack and, to a lesser extent, radiant heat exposure. The designation “12.5” in BAL 12.5 is generally understood to represent a threshold value, indicating the level of radiant heat flux (measured in kW per square meter) that a structure is expected to withstand under potential bushfire conditions specific to that rating.

BAL 19 – 12.5 to 19 kW per square meter:

Within the BAL 19 rating range, we encounter a moderate level of risk, mirroring the heat flux and exposure parameters akin to BAL 12.5. However, it is imperative to note an increased potential for exposure. In terms of construction criteria, the majority of the building remains consistent, with the exception of the utilization of 5mm safety glass as opposed to the standard 4mm thickness. Particular stipulations do not apply to the flooring and subfloor components.

BAL 29 – 19–29 kW per square meter:

Elevating the risk factor significantly, the BAL 29 rating denotes a heightened susceptibility to ember impact. The potential radiant heat flux exposure here may escalate up to 29 kW per square meter. It is crucial to emphasize that the construction standards for this category are notably more stringent than those applicable to lower-rated areas.

BAL 40 – 29 to 40 kW per square meter:

Stepping into the realm of severe danger, a BAL 40 rating signifies a substantial likelihood of ember assault. This heightened risk also includes the peril of direct flame exposure and radiant heat flux that can surge up to 40 kW per square meter.

BAL FZ – 40 kW per square meter and flame contact:

At the pinnacle of the risk spectrum, the BAL FZ rating serves as an alarm for extreme hazard. This classification indicates a high probability of ember attack, coupled with an elevated exposure level to radiant heat. Additionally, there exists the possibility of direct contact with a flame. It’s worth noting that the risk of radiant heat flux exposure here is equivalent to that of a BAL 40 zone.

Architectural considerations for construction in wildfire-prone areas:

The BAL rating assigned to a building site plays a pivotal role in determining the choice of construction materials and architectural features. Below, we outline key design components to contemplate and when they should be employed.

External Walls:

In regions with a BAL rating of 19, construction of exterior walls allows for the use of specific materials, including non-combustible or bushfire-resistant timber. Our project, situated within a BAL-FZ zone (the highest attainable rating), has been fortified with resilient fiber cement cladding due to its fire-resistant properties, ensuring optimal protection for the external walls.

Roofing

To attain a BAL 40 classification for a roof, it is imperative that the underlying components exhibit incombustible and non-flammable characteristics, a criterion typically met by materials such as steel. Beyond this, when dealing with a BAL rating of 12.5 or higher, meticulous attention must be directed towards sealing the junction connecting the roof and the walls.

Within the context of building design, penetrations play a pivotal role, whether they traverse through the ceiling or penetrate the walls themselves.

Elevated BAL ratings necessitate a heightened focus on openings that breach the building envelope, encompassing elements such as vents, extractor fans, and downpipes. It is imperative that these openings be fabricated from metal, as opposed to PVC, to fortify their resilience in the face of elevated heat exposure. This strategic choice ensures the overall fire resistance and safety of the structure in question.

 

Addressing Structural Vulnerabilities

Effectively closing gaps within a building’s structural framework is paramount in fortifying its resilience against fire hazards. These gaps, often found between cladding, eaves, doors, and windows, must be meticulously sealed to prevent embers from becoming trapped within crevices and potentially igniting the structure. This proactive measure not only enhances fire safety but also contributes to the overall energy efficiency of the dwelling by eliminating unintended and uncontrolled ventilation.

Firewater and Rainwater Containment

In accordance with local fire authorities’ directives, the installation of a dedicated water tank on the property may be mandated. This tank serves a critical purpose, primarily facilitating firefighters’ access to a readily available water source when defending homes against bushfires. Such firewater tanks must adhere to specific standards, requiring them to be situated above ground, constructed from non-combustible materials, and equipped with a robust firefighting pump system.

Deck and Subfloor Considerations

Depending on the assigned BAL rating, it is imperative to design floors with due consideration for fire safety. Lowering the floor height and implementing a non-combustible subfloor structure are key considerations. Additionally, the choice of materials for deck construction should lean towards non-combustible options or bushfire-resistant lumber. Decks, often separate structures detached from the main house, play a strategic role in fire risk mitigation. In the event of a fire, their detachment from the primary structure can prevent the spread of flames, offering both enhanced safety and an opportunity to augment property value.

 

Concluding Remarks

The Bushfire Attack Level (BAL) rating, meticulously established by the Australian government, stands as a vital cornerstone for evaluating the potential threat posed by bushfire incidents to residential properties. In the pursuit of safety and resilience against the formidable challenges posed by wildfires, our dedicated team places an unwavering emphasis on the cultivation of expertise. This expertise spans the intricate realm of fire safety protocols, encompassing the latest advancements and best practices, as well as an in-depth understanding of the nuanced processes involved in home construction.

Our commitment to safeguarding homes within fire-prone landscapes extends beyond a mere duty; it is a profound dedication to the well-being and security of our valued clientele. In a world where environmental dynamics are ever-evolving, our unwavering pursuit of knowledge and excellence enables us to offer cutting-edge solutions and proactive measures, ensuring that every residence remains a sanctuary, resilient in the face of nature’s formidable challenges.